> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.1l.lol/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.1l.lol/computer-basics/computer-and-environment.md).

# 计算机基础与编程环境

### 计算机的基本组成

冯·诺依曼结构的计算机由五大部件组成：

* **运算器**：执行算术与逻辑运算
* **控制器**：指挥各部件协调工作
* **存储器**：存放程序和数据（内存、外存）
* **输入设备**：键盘、鼠标、扫描仪等
* **输出设备**：显示器、打印机等

CPU = 运算器 + 控制器，是计算机的核心。

### 计算机发展简史

1. 第一代：电子管计算机（1946 年 ENIAC）
2. 第二代：晶体管计算机
3. 第三代：集成电路计算机
4. 第四代：大规模集成电路计算机

计算机按照规模可分为巨型机、大型机、小型机、微型机（PC）、工作站等。

### 操作系统

* **Windows**：图形界面，使用广泛
* **Linux**：开源，多用于服务器
* **macOS**：苹果电脑专用

常见操作：文件的新建 / 复制 / 粘贴 / 删除 / 移动、软件安装与卸载。

### 集成开发环境（IDE）

以 **Dev-C++** 为例，常用操作：

1. **新建**：文件 → 新建 → 源代码（快捷键 Ctrl+N）
2. **编辑**：输入代码，注意中英文标点
3. **保存**：Ctrl+S，文件后缀为 `.cpp`
4. **编译**：把源代码翻译成机器码，快捷键 F9
5. **运行**：快捷键 F10，或编译运行 F11
6. **调试**：设置断点，单步执行，观察变量

> 编译（compile）是把整份源码一次性翻译；解释（interpret）是逐句翻译执行。C++ 是编译型语言。

### 第一个程序

```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Hello, GESP!" << endl;
    return 0;
}
```


---

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